Synchronous neoplasms are defined as two or more malignant tumors of different histopathological origins diagnosed within the first six months. This is considered a rare phenomenon; the presence of multiple primary neoplasms is estimated to range between 0.73% and 11.7%. [1,2]. LV et al. [3] described the incidence of synchronous neoplasms in 161 patients, demonstrating a high frequency of synchronism in gastric cancer (13%), lung cancer (12%), and esophageal cancer (11.8%). Some studies report the prevalence of synchronous neoplasms ranging from 15% to 34% in patients with breast cancer [4,5]. Other studies report a worse prognosis in this group of patients varies according to clinical stage, histological grade, and treatment [6-8]. Chen et al. [9] described a difference greater than 10% in overall survival among patients with colorectal cancer with synchronous tumors compared to patients with a single primary tumor (61.9% vs. 73.7%, respectively).
The development of multiple neoplasms is associated with extrinsic patient-related factors, such as harmful habits, occupational risks, level of physical activity, or a combination of both. It is also associated with intrinsic factors, including immune system alterations or genetic mutations in susceptibility genes, for instance, BRCA and PTEN. [2, 10-11] In breast cancer, the presence of synchronous neoplasms has been associated with radiotherapy and cytotoxic agents, which controversially constitute part of its treatment. [2, 10]. A study conducted in Korea reports that patients with breast cancer and synchronous neoplasms more frequently develop malignant tumors of the thyroid gland (71%) or the gynecologic tract (9.7%) [12]. Additionally, other studies have reported a higher rate of synchronism in luminal breast cancer and advanced-stage disease [13].
Herein, we present the case of a patient with two synchronous neoplasms-an atypical combination of breast cancer and pheochromocytoma-and its multidisciplinary therapeutic management.
A 47-year-old postmenopausal woman with no relevant personal medical or surgical record and no first-degree family history of cancer presented with a one-year palpable mass in the right breast, associated over the past five months with sporadic episodes of tachycardia and hot flashes.
On physical examination, a 4 x 4 cm, mobile, non-tender mass was palpated, with no skin or nipple changes. Mammography revealed dense breasts, BI-RADS 2, and breast ultrasound showed a solid hyperechoic lesion in the right breast with irregular margins, measuring 17 x 15 mm, with no axillary lymphadenopathy.
Core needle biopsy revealed invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (NST). Immunohistochemistry showed estrogen receptor positivity of 90%, progesterone receptor positivity of 80%, HER2-negative status, and Ki-67 of 3%. As part of the preoperative workup, a contrast-enhanced breast MRI was requested (Figure 1), revealing a lesion in the right breast measuring 5.6 x 4.2 x 2.8 cm, with no infiltration of the skin or the nipple-areola complex.
Source: Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
Staging computed tomography scans revealed a right adrenal mass measuring 52 x 43 mm, with 30mm hypodense areas within the lesion. Subsequently, a contrast-enhanced abdominal MRI described a right adrenal tumor measuring 5.4 * 3.8 * 3.8 cm, transverse-anteroposterior-craniocaudal diameters (T-AP-CC), with a T1 hyperintense component and progressive T2 hypointensity, which suggested hemorrhagic metastatic disease (Figure 2).
Source: Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
The patient was evaluated by the urologic oncology and endocrinology services, who requested additional diagnostic studies. Tests revealed elevated serum and urinary metanephrines, as well as increased chromogranin A levels. Those findings were consistent with the diagnosis ofpheochromocytoma. Cardiovascular evaluation revealed no abnormalities in blood pressure or cardiac rhythm.
Given the potential for cardiovascular complications caused by catecholamine release from pheochromocytoma-such as tachyarrhythmias, hypertensive crises, among others-surgical management was prioritized, and a right adrenalectomy via exploratory laparotomy was performed. A combined surgical approach for both neoplasms was not undertaken due to the patient's personal preference. The surgery was uneventful, and histological confirmation of pheochromocytoma was obtained. Histopathological examination revealed a mitotic index of 2 mitoses per 10 high-power fields, with no evidence of necrosis or capsular or lymphovascular invasion. Immunohistochemistry showed synaptophysin positivity, chromogranin positivity, focal S-100 positivity, and inhibin negativity.
Three months after the first surgery, a modified radical mastectomy was performed. The pathological examination revealed an invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (NST), with macroscopic measurements of 60mm, histological grade II, with presence of lymphovascular invasion, probable perineural invasion, and lymph node involvement (seven lymph nodes involved by neoplasia, three with macrometastases and four with extranodal extension), staged as pT3 pN2 M0 (clinical stage IIIA and clinical prognostic stage IIA).
Adjuvant chemotherapy was initiated with an anthracycline-based regimen. The patient received four cycles of the AC regimen (Doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 and Cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2) and experienced gastrointestinal toxicity (grade 3 nausea and grade 2 emesis), as well as grade 2 asthenia.
She is currently receiving weekly Paclitaxel at a dose of 80 mg/rri2, with good tolerance and no toxicities reported to date (a total of four cycles are planned). Subsequently, hormone therapy with Anastrozole was indicated for a minimum of 5 years, along with radiotherapy to the chest wall and axillary region.
This is the first case reported in South America of a patient with synchronous neoplasms of breast cancer and pheochromocytoma. This is an atypical event since only a few cases have been reported in Europe and the United States [14,15]. Those patients presented with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer at stages amenable to curative surgical management, like our patient.
Following the radical mastectomy, the patient presented with lymphatic dissemination. A possible contributing factor is the delay in surgical management of this neoplasm, as adrenalectomy had to be prioritized due to the cardiovascular risks associated with pheochromocytoma. Given a 60-mm tumor with lymph node metastasis, the patient is a candidate for adjuvant therapy with cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, such as Abemaciclib [16,17] or Ribociclib [18,19], which have demonstrated a reduction in the risk of invasive disease recurrence (33% at 5 years and 25% at 3 years, respectively) when combined with endocrine therapy. Surgical management remains the best curative option for pheochromocytoma [20]. There is no indication for chemotherapy in early-stage disease, and even in advanced stages, no consistent overall survival benefit has been observed, with overall response rates (ORR) below 40% [21,22].
The patient's breast cancer was initially an early-stage disease with estrogen receptor positivity and a low proliferative index, making a metastatic adrenal lesion less likely. In the natural history of ductal breast carcinoma, metastases most frequently occur in the bone (30%-62.5%), lung (11%-34%), liver (7.3%-32%), and central nervous system (2%-16%); however, lobular histology may disseminate to more atypical sites, such as the peritoneum or adrenal gland [23,24]. Nevertheless, a case of ductal breast cancer with solitary adrenal metastasis has been reported [25]. Despite this rare association, pheochromocytoma should always be considered as a diagnostic possibility.
Synchronous neoplasms pose a significant challenge for the diagnosis and management of oncologic patients. Moreover, they are known to be associated with a poorer prognosis and reduced survival. Understanding metastatic patterns and the natural history of malignancies is essential to consider a broader spectrum of differential diagnoses, as reports of patients with an association of these two neoplasms remain scarce.
The incidental detection of pheochromocytoma through imaging studies performed for staging, together with its biochemical confirmation and timely surgical treatment, highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary evaluation from the outset. Furthermore, additional information is needed regarding the clinical presentation, diagnostic process, and individualized management of these neoplasms to facilitate early identification and optimize therapeutic strategies for patients.
In the first months following her diagnosis, the patient described in this case report experienced depressive symptoms. She received therapy through the oncology psychology service, resulting in improvement in her mood and mental health. According to the patient, the most challenging aspect of her illness has been recovery from consecutive surgeries. She is currently experiencing postoperative complications (abdominal incisional hernia/eventration) secondary to the first surgery.
She experienced multiple toxicities during the initial cycles of chemotherapy; however, she currently reports a sense of well-being and demonstrates good tolerance to systemic treatment.
The authors would like to thank all healthcare personnel of Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, who contributed to the diagnosis and treatment of the patient.
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[1] Huertas Tirado S, Vargas J & Espejo C. Multidisciplinary management of a patient with synchronous neoplasms: A case report of breast cancer plus pheochromocytoma. Oncología (Ecuador). 2026;36(1): 62-68. https://doi.org/10.33821/824
[9] Sheila María Huertas Tirado: Conceptualization, writing - original draft, investigation, manuscript review and editing, and final approval of the manuscript.
Las neoplasias sincrónicas se definen como dos o más tumores malignos con diferente origen histopatológico diagnosticadas dentro de los primeros seis meses. Suele ser un fenómeno poco frecuente, la presencia de múltiples neoplasias primarias se estima entre 0,73% y 11,7%. [1,2] Meng LV, et al. [3] describe la incidencia de neoplasias sincrónicas en 161 pacientes, donde se evidencia una alta frecuencia de sincronismo en cáncer gástrico (13%), de pulmón (12%) y esófago (11,8%). Algunos estudios reportan 15%-34% de neoplasias sincrónicas en pacientes con cáncer de mama. [4,5]. Se reporta peor pronóstico en este grupo de pacientes, que varía según el estadio clínico, el grado histológico y el tratamiento [6-8]. Huxian Chen, et al [9] describe una diferencia mayor del 10% en la sobrevida de pacientes con cáncer colorrectal con tumores sincrónicos en comparación a pacientes con un solo tumor primario (61,9% vs 73,7% respectivamente).
El desarrollo de neoplasias múltiples se asocia a factores extrínsecos del paciente, como hábitos nocivos, riesgos ocupacionales, el nivel de actividad física o una combinación de estos. También se asocia a factores intrínsecos como alteraciones del sistema inmune o mutaciones genéticas en genes de susceptibilidad, entre ellos BRCA y PTEN [2, 10, 11]. En cáncer de mama, la presencia de neoplasias sincrónicas se asocia a radioterapia y agentes citotóxicos que controversialmente forman parte de su tratamiento [2, 10]. Un estudio en Corea reporta que los pacientes con cáncer de mama y neoplasias sincrónicas desarrollan con mayor frecuencia tumores malignos en la glándula tiroidea (71%) o el tracto ginecológico (9,7%) [12]. Además, otros estudios asocian mayor tasa de sincronismo en el cáncer de mama luminal y en estadio avanzado [13].
A continuación, se presenta el caso de una paciente con dos neoplasias sincrónicas -una combinación atípica de un cáncer de mama con feocromocitoma- y su abordaje terapéutico multidisciplinario.
Paciente mujer de 47 años, posmenopáusica, sin antecedentes personales médicos o quirúrgicos relevantes y sin antecedentes oncológicos familiares de primer grado. La paciente consulta por sensación de masa en la mama derecha de un año de evolución, asociada desde hace cinco meses a episodios esporádicos de taquicardia y sofocos. Al examen físico se palpa un tumor de 4 x 4 cm, móvil, no doloroso, sin alteración de la piel ni del pezón. Su mamografía muestra mamas densas, BIRADS 2 y su ecografía una lesión sólida hiperecogénica en mama derecha, de márgenes irregulares, que mide 17 x 15mm, sin adenopatías axilares. La biopsia informa un carcinoma mamario infiltrante sin tipificación específica (NST), la inmunohistoquímica reporta receptores de estrógeno (90%), receptores de progesterona (80%), HER2 negativo y ki-67: 3%. Como estudio prequirúrgico, se solicita una RMN de mamas contrastada (Figura 1) en la que se evidencia una lesión en mama derecha de 5,6 x 4,2 x 2,8 cm, sin infiltración de piel ni del complejo areola-pezón. Se realizan tomografías de extensión donde se evidencia en glándula suprarrenal derecha una tumoración de 52 x 43mm con áreas hipodensas de 30 mm en su interior. Se realiza RMN abdominal contrastada donde se describe una tumoración suprarrenal derecha de 5.4 x 3.8 x 3.8 cm, (diámetros T-AP-CC), con componente hiperintenso en T1 e hipointensidad declive en T2 que sugiere posibilidad de metástasis hemorrágica (Figura 2).
Fuente: Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.
Fuente: Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.
La paciente es valorada por los servicios de urología oncológica y endocrinología, quienes solicitan estudios complementarios. En dichos exámenes se evidencia elevación de metanefrinas séricas y urinarias, así como de cromogranina A; hallazgos compatibles con el diagnóstico de feocromocitoma. En la evaluación cardiovascular no se identifican alteraciones de la presión arterial ni del ritmo cardíaco.
Ante la posibilidad de complicaciones cardiovasculares causadas por liberación de catecolaminas del feocromocitoma -como taquiarritmias, picos hipertensivos, entre otras-, se priorizó la adrenalectomía derecha mediante laparotomía exploratoria. No se realizó una cirugía conjunta para ambas neoplasias por decisión de la paciente. La cirugía no tuvo complicaciones y se pudo obtener confirmación histológica de feocromocitoma. El estudio histopatológico evidenció un índice mitótico de 2 mitosis por cada 10 campos de alto poder, ausencia de necrosis e invasión capsular o linfovascular. Se cuenta con inmunohistoquímica en la cual se evidencia sinaptofisina positivo, cromogranina positivo, S-100 positivo focal e inhibina negativa.
Tres meses después de la primera cirugía, se realizó la mastectomía radical modificada y el estudio anatomopatológico reportó un carcinoma invasivo de mama NST de 60 mm (macroscópico), grado histológico II, invasión linfovascular presente, invasión perineural probable, con extensión ganglionar (siete ganglios comprometidos por neoplasia, tres con macrometástasis y cuatro con extensión macronodal), pT3pN2M0 (estadio clínico IIIA y estadio de pronóstico clínico IIA). Se inició quimioterapia adyuvante a base de antraciclinas, ha recibido cuatro ciclos de doxorrubicina a 60 mg/m2 y ciclofosfamida a 600 mg/m2 (esquema AC); presentó toxicidad gastrointestinal (náuseas grado 3 y emesis grado 2), además de astenia grado 2. Actualmente recibe paclitaxel semanal a dosis de 80 mg/m2 con una adecuada tolerancia, sin toxicidades registradas hasta el momento (recibirá un total de cuatro ciclos). Posteriormente se indicó inicio de hormonoterapia con anastrozol por un mínimo de cinco años y radioterapia en pared torácica y región axilar.
Este es el primer caso descrito en Sudamérica de una paciente con neoplasias sincrónicas de cáncer de mama y feocromocitoma; por tanto, es un evento atípico, solo existen casos reportados en Europa y Estados unidos [14 - 15], que presentan similitudes con este caso: cáncer de mama con receptores hormonales positivos y en estadios abordables para manejo quirúrgico curativo.
Luego de la mastectomía radical, la paciente presentó diseminación linfática, una posible causa es la demora del manejo quirúrgico de esta neoplasia ya que se tuvo que priorizar la adrenalectomía por los riesgos cardiovasculares del feocromocitoma. Al tener un tumor de 60 mm con metástasis ganglionar, la paciente es candidata para recibir terapia adyuvante con inhibidores de ciclinas como abemaciclib [16 - 17] o ribociclib [18 - 19] los cuales han demostrado disminuir la recurrencia de enfermedad invasiva (33% a los 5 años y 25% a los 3 años respectivamente) asociado a terapia endocrina. El manejo quirúrgico es la mejor opción curativa para el feocromocitoma [20], no existe indicación de quimioterapia en estadios tempranos, incluso en estadios avanzados no se observa un beneficio constante en supervivencia global, además de tasas de respuesta global (TRG) menor del 40% [21, 22].
El cáncer de mama de la paciente era inicialmente un estadio temprano con receptores estrogénicos positivos y un bajo grado de replicación, por lo que no se sospechaba de una tumoración suprarrenal de origen metastásico. En la historia natural del carcinoma ductal de mama se evidencia mayor frecuencia de metástasis a huesos (30% - 62,5%), pulmón (11% - 34%), hígado (7,3% - 32%), y sistema nervioso central (2% - 16%). No obstante, la histología lobulillar puede diseminar a lugares más atípicos como peritoneo o glándula suprarrenal. [23 - 24]. Sin embargo, se ha reportado una paciente con cáncer de mama ductal con metástasis solitaria a nivel suprarrenal [25], a pesar de su rara asociación, el feocromocitoma siempre debe considerarse como una posibilidad diagnostica.
Las neoplasias sincrónicas representan un desafío para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes oncológicos; además, es sabido que tal desafío se asocia a un pobre pronóstico y peor supervivencia. Es importante saber los patrones de metástasis y la historia natural de las enfermedades para poder pensar en un mayor espectro de diagnósticos diferenciales, pues son pocos los casos reportados de pacientes con asociación de estas dos neoplasias.
El hallazgo incidental de feocromocitoma mediante estudios de imagen realizados para estadiaje, junto con su confirmación bioquímica y tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno, resalta la importancia de una evaluación multidisciplinaria desde el inicio. Asimismo, se requiere más información sobre la presentación clínica, el proceso diagnóstico y el manejo individualizado de estas neoplasias, con el fin de favorecer su identificación temprana y optimizar el abordaje terapéutico de los pacientes.
En los primeros meses luego de su diagnóstico, la paciente de este caso clínico presentó sentimientos depresivos, por lo cual recibió terapia en el servicio de psicología para pacientes oncológicos, con mejoría de su estado de ánimo y salud mental. Según la paciente, lo más retador de su enfermedad ha sido la recuperación de una cirugía tras otra, con complicaciones posquirúrgicas (eventración abdominal) secundarias a la primera cirugía. Presentó múltiples toxicidades durante sus primeros ciclos de quimioterapia. Actualmente se encuentra con sensación de bienestar y presenta una adecuada tolerancia a su tratamiento sistémico.
A todo el personal sanitario del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia en Lima, Perú, que contribuyó al diagnóstico y tratamiento de la paciente.
[1] Huertas Tirado S, Vargas J & Espejo C. Manejo multidisciplinario de paciente con neoplasias sincrónicas: reporte de un caso clínico de cáncer de mama y feocromocitoma. Oncología (Ecuador). 2026;36(1): 62-68. https://doi.org/10.33821/824
[23] Sheila María Huertas Tirado: conceptualización, redacción - borrador original, investigación, revisión y edición del manuscrito y aprobación final del manuscrito.